Examinando por Autor "Bravo, Rosario"

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From neglect to limelight: Issues, methods and approaches in enhancing sustainable conservation and use of Andean grains in Bolivia and Peru
(kassel university press GmbH, 2009-01-31) Rojas, Wilfredo; Valdivia, Roberto; Padulosi, Stefano; Pinto, Milton; Soto, José Luis; Alcócer, Elsa; Guzmán, Lorena; Estrada Zúniga, Rigoberto; Apaza Mamani, Vidal; Bravo, Rosario
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), cañihua (C. pallidicaule Aellen) and amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.) are staple crops for millions of people in the Andes (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 1989, HOLLE 1991, JACOBSEN et al. 2003). Their nutritional content (high quality proteins and good micronutrient profile), hardiness, good adaptability to environmental stresses, versatility in use, and rich associated food culture and traditions are among the reasons for their widespread use by the native civilizations of the Andes over millennia. The role of these species as a staple food has however dramatically changed in the last fifteen years due to their poor economic competitiveness with commodity cereal crops, lack of improved varieties or enhanced cultivation practices, drudgery in processing and value addition, disorganized or non-existent market chains as well as a negative image as “food of the poor” (QUEROL 1988, TAPIA et al. 1992, PADULOSI et al. 2003). Less nutritious, but more practical and trendier products made of wheat, maize and rice have been replacing Andean grains in the diets of millions of people across Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador, countries whose history has been intimately linked to the domestication and use of these ancient crops (PEARSALL 1992). The reduced use of Andean grains has been accompanied by the loss of their genetic diversity with important, albeit less obvious, repercussions for the livelihoods of Andean communities in terms of reduced sustainability and resilience of local agricultural systems, wasted opportunities for improving food and nutrition security, impoverishment of local cultures resulting in reduced self esteem and identity of people (BRESSANI, 1993, KRALJEVIC 2006). As with minor millets in South Asia or leafy vegetables in sub-Saharan Africa (ONIANG’O et al., 2006), the case of Andean grains is representative of the limits of the Green Revolution approach, which concentrated its efforts on global commodity crops, missing out hundreds of other valuable species of regional or local importance and of great value to people’s livelihoods (PADULOSI 2008). The recognition that agricultural biodiversity is a strategic asset in people’s lives has promoted over the last fifteen years or so, the rediscovery of those so-called neglected and underutilized species (NUS) crops which, as in the case of Andean grains, have for too long faced marginalization from the Research and Development sector, which has not supported their continued and effective use (PADULOSI and HOESCHLE-ZELEDON 2008). Several projects and collaborative research frameworks at national and international level have been launched in support of NUS, contributing to a re-focussing of needed and deserved attention on these ‘forgotten crops’. To that end, an important role in demonstrating the value of NUS and the development of best practices, methodologies and tools for their use enhancement is being played by the ‘IFAD-NUS Project’, the first UN-supported global effort dedicated solely to the use enhancement of NUS, including quinoa, cañihua and amaranth, tackled through international participatory, multi-stakeholder and multi-disciplinary efforts. This article reports on the work implemented by the project in Bolivia and Peru over the last seven years, highlighting significant approaches, experiences and outputs as well as challenges and experiences during the implementation of the project, which could be valuable lessons for other similar endeavors in support of NUS.
Refugios artificiales para comunidades de artrópodos depredadores epígeos y su efecto en el control biológico del gorgojo de los Andes en el cultivo de papa, Puno – Perú
(Sociedad Entomológica del Perú, 2015-12-31) Loza del Carpio, Alfredo; Bravo, Rosario; Delgado Mamani, Pedro Ernesto
Se ha evaluado la influencia de tres tipos de refugios: piedra, terrón y tubos de PVC, además de un insecticida y un testigo, sobre las comunidades de depredadores epígeos en el cultivo de papa y su efecto en las poblaciones de gorgojo de los Andes. El estudio se llevó a cabo en parcelas de la comunidad de Huerta Huaraya ubicada en la zona circunlacustre del lago Titicaca. La evaluación de depredadores y gorgojos adultos se realizó empleando trampas de caída. Las comunidades de depredadores epígeos están conformadas principalmente por carábidos predominando Notiobia schnusei (Van Emden) (43%), N. laevis (Van Emden) (19%), Bembidion spp (10%) y arácnidos (14%). La comunidad de depredadores fue afectada por la aplicación del insecticida alcanzando sólo el 9,2% del total de poblaciones, a diferencia en parcelas con refugios piedra alcanzaron hasta el 27,53%; los refugios favorecieron principalmente a carábidos y arácnidos. Las poblaciones de gorgojo de los Andes fueron significativamente superiores en el testigo absoluto (34,34%) y menores en los tratamientos con insecticida químico (7,97 %) y con refugio terrón (17,03%). En la cosecha los rendimientos de tubérculos fueron similares en todas las parcelas aunque los daños por gorgojo fueron significativamente menores en parcelas con refugios piedra, la cual se considera como alternativa promisoria en un sistema de manejo ecológico de plagas del cultivo de papa. La disminución de daños (con relación al testigo), fue de 57% para refugios piedra, 30% para refugios de PVC, 28% para insecticida Metamidophos y 19% para refugios terrón; en el testigo absoluto los daños alcanzaron el 40,83%.