Examinando por Autor "Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique"

Mostrando 1 - 16 de 16

Age-dependent changes in protist and fungal microbiota in a peruvian cattle genetic nucleus
(MDPI, 2024-08-14) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Dipaz Berrocal, Deisy Juana; Alejos Asencio, Carol Silvia; Leon Trinidad, Silvia Eliana; Alvarez García, Wesley Yusmein; Rojas, Diorman; Alvarado, Wigoberto; Maicelo Quintana, Jorge Luis; Arbizu, Carlos Irvin
In this research, the connection between age and microbial diversity in cattle was explored, revealing significant changes in both protist diversity and fungal microbiota composition with age. Using fecal samples from 21 Simmental cattle, microbial communities were analyzed through 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Results indicated significant differences in alpha protist diversity among the three age groups, while fungal composition varied notably with age and was linked to hematological parameters. Despite the stability of fungal alpha diversity, compositional changes suggest the gut as a stable niche for microbial colonization influenced by diet, clinical parameters, and microbial interactions. All cattle were maintained on a consistent diet, tailored to meet the specific nutritional needs of each age group. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding age-related microbial dynamics to enhance livestock management and animal health, contributing to broader ecological and biomedical research. This study was limited by the lack of comprehensive metabolic analyses correlating microbiota changes with specific age-related variations, indicating a need for further research in this área.
The complete mitochondrial genome of a Peruvian creole cattle (Bos taurus) and its phylogenetic analysis
(Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2023-02-09) Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin; Ferro Mauricio, Rubén Darío; Chávez Galarza, Julio César; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Maicelo Quintana, Jorge Luis; Poemape Tuesta, Carlos Augusto; Gonzáles, J.; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita
The population of Peruvian creole cattle (PCC) is decreasing mainly due to the introduction of more productive breeds in recent years. We report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a PCC bull for the first time. This genome was 16,339 bp in length with the base composition 31.43% A, 28.64% T, 26.81% C, and 13.12% G. It contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a control region. Among the 37 genes, 28 were positioned on the H-strand and 9 were positioned on the L-strand. The most frequently used codons were CUA (Leucine), AUA (Isoleucine), AUU (Isoleucine), AUC (Isoleucine) and ACA (Threonine). Maximum likelihood analysis clearly demonstrated that PCC are strongly related to a native African breed, giving insights into the maternal ancestry of PCC. The annotated mitochondrial genome of PCC would serve as an important genetic data set for further breeding work and conservation strategies.
Complete mitogenome of “pumpo” (Bos taurus), a top bull from a Peruvian genetic nucleus, and its phylogenetic analysis
(MDPI, 2024-05-28) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Romero Avila, Yolanda; Alvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Rojas Cruz, Diorman; Alvarado, Wigoberto; Maicelo, Jorge L.; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
The mitochondrial genome of Pumpo (Bos taurus), a prominent breed contributing to livestock farming, was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Assembly and annotation of the mitochondrial genome were achieved through a multifaceted approach employing bioinformatics tools such as Trim Galore, SPAdes, and Geseq, followed by meticulous manual inspection. Additionally, analyses covering tRNA secondary structure and codon usage bias were conducted for comprehensive characterization. The 16,341 base pair mitochondrial genome comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis places Pumpo within a clade predominantly composed of European cattle, reflecting its prevalence in Europe. This comprehensive study underscores the importance of mitochondrial genome analysis in understanding cattle evolution and highlights the potential of genetic improvement programs in livestock farming, thus contributing to enhanced livestock practices.
Effects of age in fecal microbiota and correlations with blood parameters in genetic nucleus of cattle
(MDPI, 2024-06-29) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Coila, Pedro; Hañari Quispe, Renán Dilton; Aliaga, Mery; Galindo, Walter; Alvarado, Wigoberto; Casanova Nuñez-Melgar, David Pavel; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique
This study aimed to determine the impact of age on the fecal microbiota in the genetic nucleus of cattle, with a focus on microbial richness, composition, functional diversity, and correlations with blood parameters. Fecal and blood samples from 21 cattle were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Older cattle exhibited greater bacterial diversity and abundance, with significant changes in alpha diversity indices (p < 0.05). Beta diversity analysis revealed significant variations in microbial composition between age groups and the interaction of age and sex (p < 0.05). Correlations between alpha diversity, community composition, and hematological values highlighted the influence of microbiota on bovine health. Beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, were more abundant in older cattle, suggesting a role in gut health. Functional diversity analysis indicated that younger cattle had significantly more abundant metabolic pathways in fermentation and anaerobic chemoheterotrophy. These findings suggest management strategies including tailored probiotic therapies, dietary adjustments, and targeted health monitoring to enhance livestock health and performance. Further research should include comprehensive metabolic analyses to better correlate microbiota changes with age-related variations, enhancing understanding of the complex interactions between microbiota, age, and reproductive status.
Evaluación de resistencia a antibióticos en muestras de heces de terneros con diarrea en la región Cajamarca, Perú
(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, 2023-10-02) Cabrera González, Marco Antonio; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Bazán Arce, José Luis; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali
La diarrea está asociada con bacterias infecciosas que ocasionan mortalidad en terneros como Escherichia coli, representando un problema para los productores de leche y carne a nivel global, provocando grandes pérdidas económicas. En este estudio se evaluó la resistencia a cepas de E. coli aisladas de heces diarreicas de terneros recién nacidos de la región Cajamarca. Se recolectaron 52 muestras de heces de terneros de cinco provincias de la región Cajamarca para el aislamiento de E. coli en agar MacConkey con sorbitol. La identificación molecular de E. coli se realizó mediante la amplificación del gen uidA por PCR convencional y luego se evaluó la susceptibilidad/resistencia a antibióticos utilizando la metodología de Kirby-Bauer y el uso de discos de antibiótico con neomicina, tetraciclina, sulfametoxazol-trimetroprim y enrofloxacina. Los resultados fueron que el 96.15 % de cepas de E. coli fueron resistentes a tetraciclina, el 51.92 % a sulfametropim, el 26.92 % a neomicina y el 9.61 % a enrofloxacina. También se demostró que el 30.76 % presentaban resistencia a dos fármacos, el 19.23 % a tres fármacos y el 5.76 % a cuatro fármacos; se encontró diferencia significativa de resistencia a tetraciclina (P<0.0001). Se concluye que los terneros neonatos de la región Cajamarca que presentaban diarrea son portadores de E. coli resistentes a antibióticos, representando un problema para los criadores de ganado vacuno, ya que estas cepas pueden causar la muerte de los animales y contribuyen a la diseminación de la resistencia de antibióticos.
First draft genome assembly of the Peruvian creole cattle breed (Bos taurus) and its comparative genomics among the Bovinae subfamily
(MDPI, 2022-08-18) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita; Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Maicelo Quintana, Jorge Luis; Gonzales, Jhony; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
The Peruvian creole cattle (PCC) is a neglected breed, and is an essential livestock resource in the Andean region of Peru. To develop a modern breeding program and conservation strategies for the PCC, a better understanding of the genetics of this breed is needed. We sequenced the whole genome of the PCC using a paired-end 150 strategy on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, obtaining 320 GB of sequencing data. The obtained genome size of the PCC was 2.77 Gb with a contig N50 of 108Mb and 92.59% complete BUSCOs. Also, we identified 40.22% of repetitive DNA of the genome assembly, of which retroelements occupy 32.39% of the total genome. A total of 19,803 protein-coding genes were annotated in the PCC genome. We downloaded proteomes and genomes of the Bovinae subfamily, and conducted a comparative analysis with our draft genome. Phylogenomic analysis showed that PCC is related to Bos indicus. Also, we identified 7,746 family genes shared among the Bovinae subfamily. This first PCC genome is expected to contribute to a better understanding of its genetics to adapt to the tough conditions of the Andean ecosystem, and evolution.
Genetic diversity and population structure of a Peruvian cattle herd using SNP data
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023-03-10) Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita; Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Gonzales Malca, Jhony Alberto; Maicelo Quintana, Jorge Luis; Medina Morales, Percy Edilberto; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
New-generation sequencing technologies, among them SNP chips for massive genotyping, are useful for the effective management of genetic resources. To date, molecular studies in Peruvian cattle are still scarce. For the first time, the genetic diversity and population structure of a reproductive nucleus cattle herd of four commercial breeds from a Peruvian institution were determined. This nucleus comprises Brahman (N = 9), Braunvieh (N = 9), Gyr (N = 5), and Simmental (N = 15) breeds. Additionally, samples from a locally adapted creole cattle, the Arequipa Fighting Bull (AFB, N = 9), were incorporated. Female individuals were genotyped with the GGPBovine100K and ma les with the BovineHD. Quality control, and the proportion of polymorphic SNPs, minor allele frequency, expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and inbreeding coefficient were estimated for the five breeds. Admixture, principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) were performed. Also, a dendrogram was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining clustering algorithm. The genetic diversity indices in all breeds showed a high proportion of polymorphic SNPs, varying from 51.42% in Gyr to 97.58% in AFB. Also, AFB showed the highest expected heterozygosity estimate (0.41 ± 0.01), while Brahman the lowest (0.33 ± 0.01). Besides, Braunvieh possessed the highest observed heterozygosity (0.43 ± 0.01), while Brahman the lowest (0.37 ± 0.02), indicating that Brahman was less diverse. According to the molecular variance analysis, 75.71% of the variance occurs within individuals, whereas 24.29% occurs among populations. The pairwise genetic differentiation estimates (FST) between breeds showed values that ranged from 0.08 (Braunvieh vs. AFB) to 0.37 (Brahman vs. Braunvieh). Similarly, pairwise Reynold’s distance ranged from 0.09 (Braunvieh vs. AFB) to 0.46 (Brahman vs. Braunvieh). The dendrogram, similar to the PCA, identified two groups, showing a clear separation between Bos indicus (Brahman and Gyr) and B. taurus breeds (Braunvieh, Simmental, and AFB). Simmental and Braunvieh grouped closely with the AFB cattle. Similar results were obtained for the population structure analysis with K = 2. The results from this study would contribute to the appropriate management, avoiding loss of genetic variability in these breeds and for future improvements in this nucleus. Additional work is needed to speed up the breeding process in the Peruvian cattle system.
Hospedadores intermediarios con resistencia genética a Fasciola hepatica y evaluación preliminar de su utilización en el control de fasciolosis en ganado vacuno en la zona de Cajamarca, Perú
(Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad del Zulia, 2024-01-01) Cabrera González, Marco Antonio; Hobán, Cristian; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali
Con el objetivo de evaluar de manera preliminar poblaciones de morfotipos con patrones de marcadores fenotípicos de resistencia a infección artificial por miracidio para su utilización en el control de fasciolosis en ganado vacuno, se multiplicaron los hospedadores intermediarios con resistencia a formas infectivas de Fasciola hepatica en condiciones de laboratorio, se recogieron 850 caracoles de las acequias y zonas pantanosas de 8 rebaños ubicados en los distritos de La Encañada y Baños del Inca, Perú, ubicados a una altitud de 2.626 a 3.115 metros sobre el nivel del mar (msnm), del género Lymnaea viatrix, seleccionándose 400 caracoles con patrones de susceptibilidad / resistencia a infección artificial por miracidio (morfometría de la concha, conducta de ovoposición, patrón de pigmentación del manto). Se probaron dos métodos de crianza de multiplicación de morfotipos observándose que el método de crianza 1 obtuvo una menor mortalidad promedio de n=11 ± 2,44 en relación al método 2, en cuanto a la fecundidad fue mayor en el método 1 (n=8) en relación al método 2 (n=3); la viabilidad de las masas de huevos en el método 1 fue de 60 % y en el método 2 de 48,4 %. El tiempo de incubación de los huevos fue de 19 días a 18°C. La resistencia encontrada y observada de estos morfotipos evaluaron la resistencia preliminar frente a miracidio en condiciones de laboratorio, observándose que fue de 5 % en el género Lymnaea y se puede extrapolar a condiciones de campo, teniendo en cuenta las observaciones realizadas en cuanto a adaptabilidad, densidad poblacional, adaptabilidad y sobrevivencia durante la época de del año y la carga parasitaria se puede tener como control alternativo al control químico inadecuado causante del fenómeno de resistencia de F. hepatica.
Microsatellite-based genetic diversity and population structure of Huacaya alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Southern Peru
(MDPI, 2023-05-05) Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita; Mamani Cato, Ruben; Gallegos Acero, Roberto; Condori Rojas, Nicoll; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Heredia Vilchez, Lizeth Amparo; Salazar Coronal, Wilian; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
The alpaca population mostly consists of the Huacaya phenotype and is widely distributed in Southern Peru. This study aimed to estimate the genetic diversity and population structure of two Huacaya alpaca populations (Ajoyani and Quimsachata) using fourteen and twelve microsatellite markers for each population, respectively. A total of 168 alpaca biological samples were outsourced to Peruvian laboratories for DNA extraction and genotyping. For genetic diversity, observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), polymorphism information content (PIC), and fixation indices values were estimated. An admixture analysis was performed for the population structure analysis. Different programs were used for these estimations. In total, 133 (Ajoyani) and 129 (Quimsachata) alleles were found, with a range of 4 to 17 by locus. The mean HO, HE, and PIC per marker for Ajoyani were 0.764 ± 0.112, 0.771 ± 0.1, and 0.736; for Quimsachata, they were 0.783 ± 0.087, 0.773 ± 0.095, and 0.738, respectively. The population structure showed no structure with K = 2. This study provides useful indicators for the creation of appropriate alpaca conservation programs.
Parasitism-induced changes in microbial eukaryotes of Peruvian alpaca gastrointestinal tract
(MDPI, 2024-01-27) Sanchez, Diana; Zapata, Celso; Romero Avila, Yolanda; Flores Huarco, Nils H.; Oros, Oscar; Alvarado, Wigoberto; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Guevara Alvarado, Hada M.; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Coila, Pedro
Alpacas, important genetic resources in the Andean region of Peru, are vulnerable to diarrhea caused by pathogenic parasites such as Eimeria lamae and Giardia sp., which can be fatal, especially in neonates, due to their physiological immaturity and limited adaptability. The study investigated the diversity and abundance of intestinal fungi and protists in alpacas infected with Eimeria lamae and Giardia sp. compared to healthy alpacas. A total of 19 alpacas, aged between one and two months, were included. They were divided into two groups, one with pathological conditions (nine) and the other healthy (ten). Parasitological analyses for the detection of parasites and subsequent molecular analysis were performed on the collected fecal samples. The results revealed a greater diversity and abundance of protists in infected alpacas in comparison with healthy alpacas, while the fungal composition did not show significant changes. Therefore, parasitic infections affect the protist component of the alpaca gut microbiota. Also, it was observed that Blastocystis was identified in all healthy alpacas, serving as a possible marker of the health of the intestinal microbiota; in addition, Prussia and Pichia are beneficial fungi that help control diseases. This groundbreaking study in neonatal alpacas is the first to explore potential changes in the intestinal microbiota during an infectious state, underscoring the importance of further research to comprehend its effects on alpaca health and immune responses.
Perfil electroforético 2D de las proteínas del intestino de Fasciola hepatica
(Universidad del Zulia, 2022-05-25) Cabrera González, Marco Antonio; Marlo Javier, Diana Araceli; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali
Siendo la fasciolosis una infección parasitaria importante en rumiantes de muchos países y dada la alta prevalencia en humanos y animales en Cajamarca, Perú, se planteó realizar el estudio sobre el perfil de las proteínas de intestino de Fasciola hepatica con el objetivo de conocer el número de proteínas y el rango de pH de secreción/excreción de intestino del parásito que expresa mediante el método de electroforesis 2D-bidimensional. Las muestras adultas de F. hepatica se recolectaron de hígados de bovinos en el Camal Municipal de Cajamarca. Fueron trasladadas al laboratorio de Biotecnología en Sanidad Animal de la Estación Experimental Agraria Baños del Inca, INIA – Cajamarca, para su procesamiento. La corrida electroforética permitió separar 82 proteínas con diferentes pesos moleculares, enfocadas en distintos puntos isoeléctricos en un rango de pH de 6,0 a 9,4. Se concluye que mediante el análisis del gel 2D de proteínas de intestino de F. hepatica, se conocieron 84 spots de proteínas con distintos pesos moleculares, enfocadas en distintos puntos isoeléctricos en un rango de 6,0 a 9,4.
¿Puede la Fasciola hepatica modular la gravedad del COVID–19?
(Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad del Zulia, 2024-03-17) Cabrera González, Marco Antonio; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali
Perú es considerada una zona hiperendémica de fasciolosis con una prevalencia entre 6,7 a 47,7% (promedio 24,4%) en humanos. En esta zona, la eficacia del Triclabendazol en bovinos es solo del 25,2%, por ello la presencia de cepas resistentes está ampliamente distribuida. El problema se acentúa por ser una enfermedad zoonótica. Además, el Triclabendazol es el único fármaco eficaz contra las distintas formas del parásito. Las catepsinas L y B están involucradas en la migración, nutrición, reproducción y evasión de la respuesta inmune y supervivencia de Fasciola hepatica. Al analizar el proceso en el que el virus SARS–CoV–2 ingresa a la célula, se requiere la presencia de proteasa de serina celular de transmembrana 2 (TMPRSS2) y catepsina L/B (CTSL); donde TMPRSS2 activa la glicoproteína S viral para fusionar la célula con la membrana viral, mientras que la glicoproteína S viral es activada por CTSL, lo que permite la fusión de la membrana endosómica y viral, que el virus infecte a la célula hospedadora es preocupante para estimar el posible efecto que podría generar en poblaciones infectadas con F. hepatica debido a que se necesita una coinfección existente, como resultado del aumento sistémico de las catepsinas L/B secretadas por este parásito y la supervivencia dentro del hospedador definitivo, posiblemente estas poblaciones se vuelvan más susceptibles a la infección viral por coinfección con el parásito; haciendo un llamado a la comunidad científica para identificar alternativas de control de parásitos y no tener un problema asociado a corto plazo.
Reference-Guided Draft Genome Assembly, Annotation and SSR Mining Data of the Peruvian Creole Cattle (Bos taurus)
(MDPI, 2022-11-09) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita; Figueroa, Deyanira; Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Maicelo Quintana, Jorge Luis; Gonzales, Jhony; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
The Peruvian creole cattle (PCC) is a neglected breed and an essential livestock resource in the Andean region of Peru. To develop a modern breeding program and conservation strategies for the PCC, a better understanding of the genetics of this breed is needed. We sequenced the whole genome of the PCC using a de novo assembly approach with a paired-end 150 strategy on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, obtaining 320 GB of sequencing data. A reference scaffolding was used to improve the draft genome. The obtained genome size of the PCC was 2.81 Gb with a contig N50 of 108 Mb and 92.59% complete BUSCOs. This genome size is similar to the genome references of Bos taurus and B. indicus. In addition, we identified 40.22% of repetitive DNA of the genome assembly, of which retroelements occupy 32.39% of the total genome. A total of 19,803 protein-coding genes were annotated in the PCC genome. For SSR data mining, we detected similar statistics in comparison with other breeds. The PCC genome will contribute to a better understanding of the genetics of this species and its adaptation to tough conditions in the Andean ecosystem.
Rye production under acid soils and drought conditions: an alternative for the sustainability of high Andean livestock farming in Peru
(MDPI, 2023-07-05) Carrasco Chilón, William Leoncio; Alvarez Garcia, Wuesley Yusmein; Cervantes Peralta, Marieta Eliana; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir
The rye (Secale cereale L.) crop shows a high potential to contribute to the sustainability of high Andean livestock because it supports the agroclimatic conditions and acid soils in the Peruvian Andes. The production of green forage, hay, and grain from the rye crop in acid soils was studied with the use of different levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilization in four local rye ecotypes (CBI-001, CSM-001, CJS-001, and CCE-001). The green forage yield (GFY) ranged from 32.35 to 53.62 t ha−1, dry matter from 6.05 to 8.56 t ha−1, and hay from 7.0 to 10.36 t ha−1; nutritional levels ranged from 9.02% to 13.56% protein and 6.50% to 7.75% ash levels, mainly with differences between ecotypes (p < 0.05). No differences existed between fertilization levels for the number of stems per plant, spikes per plant, and grains per ear (p > 0.05). Also, CBI-001 and CCE-001 were superior with 1868.4 and 1797.8 kg ha−1 of grain, respectively (p = 0.0072); the use of 60 kg ha of nitrogen, 120 kg ha−1 of P2O5, and 80 kg ha−1 of K2O gave higher grain and residue yields. The high nutritional value and yield of the rye ecotypes studied in acid soil conditions and without irrigation can be an alternative for livestock feeding and grain production in the rainy season in the Andes as a dual-purpose crop.
Rye production under acid soils and drought conditions: An alternative for the sustainability of High Andean livestock farming in Peru
(MDPI, 2023-07-24) Carrasco Chilon, William Leoncio; Alvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Cervantes Peralta, Marieta Eliana; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Vásquez, Hector V.
The rye (Secale cereale L.) crop shows a high potential to contribute to the sustainability of high Andean livestock because it supports the agroclimatic conditions and acid soils in the Peruvian Andes. The production of green forage, hay, and grain from the rye crop in acid soils was studied with the use of different levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilization in four local rye ecotypes (CBI-001, CSM-001, CJS-001, and CCE-001). The green forage yield (GFY) ranged from 32.35 to 53.62 t ha−1, dry matter from 6.05 to 8.56 t ha−1, and hay from 7.0 to 10.36 t ha−1; nutritional levels ranged from 9.02% to 13.56% protein and 6.50% to 7.75% ash levels, mainly with differences between ecotypes (p < 0.05). No differences existed between fertilization levels for the number of stems per plant, spikes per plant, and grains per ear (p > 0.05). Also, CBI-001 and CCE-001 were superior with 1868.4 and 1797.8 kg ha−1 of grain, respectively (p = 0.0072); the use of 60 kg ha of nitrogen, 120 kg ha−1 of P2O5, and 80 kg ha−1 of K2O gave higher grain and residue yields. The high nutritional value and yield of the rye ecotypes studied in acid soil conditions and without irrigation can be an alternative for livestock feeding and grain production in the rainy season in the Andes as a dual-purpose crop.
The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Neglected Breed, the Peruvian Creole Cattle (Bos taurus), and Its Phylogenetic Analysis
(MDPI, 2022-06-06) Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin; Ferro Mauricio, Rubén Darío; Chávez Galarza, Julio César; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Maicelo Quintana, Jorge Luis; Poemape Tuesta, Carlos Augusto; Gonzales, Jhony; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita
Cattle spread throughout the American continent during the colonization years, originating creole breeds that adapted to a wide range of climate conditions. The population of creole cattle in Peru is decreasing mainly due to the introduction of more productive breeds in recent years. During the last 15 years, there has been significant progress in cattle genomics. However, little is known about the genetics of the Peruvian creole cattle (PCC) despite its importance to (i) improving productivity in the Andean region, (ii) agricultural labor, and (iii) cultural traditions. In addition, the origin and phylogenetic relationship of the PCC are still unclear. In order to promote the conservation of the PCC, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of a creole bull, which also possessed exceptional fighting skills and was employed for agricultural tasks, from the highlands of Arequipa for the first time. The total mitochondrial genome sequence is 16,339 bp in length with the base composition of 31.43% A, 28.64% T, 26.81% C, and 13.12% G. It contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. Among the 37 genes, 28 were positioned on the H-strand and 9 were positioned on the L-strand. The most frequently used codons were CUA (leucine), AUA (isoleucine), AUU (isoleucine), AUC (isoleucine), and ACA (threonine). Maximum likelihood reconstruction using complete mitochondrial genome sequences showed that the PCC is related to native African breeds. The annotated mitochondrial genome of PCC will serve as an important genetic data set for further breeding work and conservation strategies.